1220 lines
38 KiB
Rust
1220 lines
38 KiB
Rust
// Copyright 2013-2017 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
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// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
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// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
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//
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// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
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// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
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// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
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// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
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// except according to those terms.
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//! Utilities for random number generation
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//!
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//! The key functions are `random()` and `Rng::gen()`. These are polymorphic and
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//! so can be used to generate any type that implements `Rand`. Type inference
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//! means that often a simple call to `rand::random()` or `rng.gen()` will
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//! suffice, but sometimes an annotation is required, e.g.
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//! `rand::random::<f64>()`.
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//!
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//! See the `distributions` submodule for sampling random numbers from
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//! distributions like normal and exponential.
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//!
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//! # Usage
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//!
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//! This crate is [on crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/rand) and can be
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//! used by adding `rand` to the dependencies in your project's `Cargo.toml`.
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//!
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//! ```toml
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//! [dependencies]
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//! rand = "0.4"
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//! ```
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//!
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//! and this to your crate root:
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//!
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//! ```rust
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//! extern crate rand;
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//! ```
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//!
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//! # Thread-local RNG
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//!
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//! There is built-in support for a RNG associated with each thread stored
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//! in thread-local storage. This RNG can be accessed via `thread_rng`, or
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//! used implicitly via `random`. This RNG is normally randomly seeded
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//! from an operating-system source of randomness, e.g. `/dev/urandom` on
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//! Unix systems, and will automatically reseed itself from this source
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//! after generating 32 KiB of random data.
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//!
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//! # Cryptographic security
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//!
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//! An application that requires an entropy source for cryptographic purposes
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//! must use `OsRng`, which reads randomness from the source that the operating
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//! system provides (e.g. `/dev/urandom` on Unixes or `CryptGenRandom()` on
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//! Windows).
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//! The other random number generators provided by this module are not suitable
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//! for such purposes.
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//!
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//! *Note*: many Unix systems provide `/dev/random` as well as `/dev/urandom`.
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//! This module uses `/dev/urandom` for the following reasons:
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//!
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//! - On Linux, `/dev/random` may block if entropy pool is empty;
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//! `/dev/urandom` will not block. This does not mean that `/dev/random`
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//! provides better output than `/dev/urandom`; the kernel internally runs a
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//! cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) based on
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//! entropy pool for random number generation, so the "quality" of
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//! `/dev/random` is not better than `/dev/urandom` in most cases. However,
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//! this means that `/dev/urandom` can yield somewhat predictable randomness
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//! if the entropy pool is very small, such as immediately after first
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//! booting. Linux 3.17 added the `getrandom(2)` system call which solves
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//! the issue: it blocks if entropy pool is not initialized yet, but it does
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//! not block once initialized. `OsRng` tries to use `getrandom(2)` if
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//! available, and use `/dev/urandom` fallback if not. If an application
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//! does not have `getrandom` and likely to be run soon after first booting,
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//! or on a system with very few entropy sources, one should consider using
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//! `/dev/random` via `ReadRng`.
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//! - On some systems (e.g. FreeBSD, OpenBSD and Mac OS X) there is no
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//! difference between the two sources. (Also note that, on some systems
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//! e.g. FreeBSD, both `/dev/random` and `/dev/urandom` may block once if
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//! the CSPRNG has not seeded yet.)
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//!
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//! # Examples
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//!
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//! ```rust
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//! use rand::Rng;
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//!
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//! let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
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//! if rng.gen() { // random bool
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//! println!("i32: {}, u32: {}", rng.gen::<i32>(), rng.gen::<u32>())
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//! }
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//! ```
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//!
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//! ```rust
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//! let tuple = rand::random::<(f64, char)>();
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//! println!("{:?}", tuple)
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//! ```
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//!
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//! ## Monte Carlo estimation of π
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//!
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//! For this example, imagine we have a square with sides of length 2 and a unit
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//! circle, both centered at the origin. Since the area of a unit circle is π,
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//! we have:
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//!
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//! ```text
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//! (area of unit circle) / (area of square) = π / 4
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//! ```
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//!
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//! So if we sample many points randomly from the square, roughly π / 4 of them
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//! should be inside the circle.
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//!
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//! We can use the above fact to estimate the value of π: pick many points in
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//! the square at random, calculate the fraction that fall within the circle,
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//! and multiply this fraction by 4.
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//!
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//! ```
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//! use rand::distributions::{IndependentSample, Range};
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//!
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//! fn main() {
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//! let between = Range::new(-1f64, 1.);
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//! let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
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//!
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//! let total = 1_000_000;
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//! let mut in_circle = 0;
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//!
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//! for _ in 0..total {
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//! let a = between.ind_sample(&mut rng);
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//! let b = between.ind_sample(&mut rng);
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//! if a*a + b*b <= 1. {
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//! in_circle += 1;
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//! }
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//! }
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//!
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//! // prints something close to 3.14159...
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//! println!("{}", 4. * (in_circle as f64) / (total as f64));
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//! }
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//! ```
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//!
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//! ## Monty Hall Problem
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//!
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//! This is a simulation of the [Monty Hall Problem][]:
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//!
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//! > Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors:
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//! > Behind one door is a car; behind the others, goats. You pick a door, say
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//! > No. 1, and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens another
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//! > door, say No. 3, which has a goat. He then says to you, "Do you want to
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//! > pick door No. 2?" Is it to your advantage to switch your choice?
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//!
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//! The rather unintuitive answer is that you will have a 2/3 chance of winning
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//! if you switch and a 1/3 chance of winning if you don't, so it's better to
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//! switch.
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//!
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//! This program will simulate the game show and with large enough simulation
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//! steps it will indeed confirm that it is better to switch.
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//!
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//! [Monty Hall Problem]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem
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//!
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//! ```
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//! use rand::Rng;
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//! use rand::distributions::{IndependentSample, Range};
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//!
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//! struct SimulationResult {
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//! win: bool,
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//! switch: bool,
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//! }
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//!
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//! // Run a single simulation of the Monty Hall problem.
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//! fn simulate<R: Rng>(random_door: &Range<u32>, rng: &mut R)
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//! -> SimulationResult {
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//! let car = random_door.ind_sample(rng);
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//!
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//! // This is our initial choice
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//! let mut choice = random_door.ind_sample(rng);
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//!
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//! // The game host opens a door
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//! let open = game_host_open(car, choice, rng);
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//!
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//! // Shall we switch?
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//! let switch = rng.gen();
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//! if switch {
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//! choice = switch_door(choice, open);
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//! }
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//!
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//! SimulationResult { win: choice == car, switch: switch }
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//! }
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//!
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//! // Returns the door the game host opens given our choice and knowledge of
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//! // where the car is. The game host will never open the door with the car.
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//! fn game_host_open<R: Rng>(car: u32, choice: u32, rng: &mut R) -> u32 {
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//! let choices = free_doors(&[car, choice]);
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//! rand::seq::sample_slice(rng, &choices, 1)[0]
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//! }
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//!
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//! // Returns the door we switch to, given our current choice and
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//! // the open door. There will only be one valid door.
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//! fn switch_door(choice: u32, open: u32) -> u32 {
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//! free_doors(&[choice, open])[0]
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//! }
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//!
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//! fn free_doors(blocked: &[u32]) -> Vec<u32> {
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//! (0..3).filter(|x| !blocked.contains(x)).collect()
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//! }
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//!
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//! fn main() {
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//! // The estimation will be more accurate with more simulations
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//! let num_simulations = 10000;
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//!
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//! let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
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//! let random_door = Range::new(0, 3);
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//!
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//! let (mut switch_wins, mut switch_losses) = (0, 0);
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//! let (mut keep_wins, mut keep_losses) = (0, 0);
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//!
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//! println!("Running {} simulations...", num_simulations);
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//! for _ in 0..num_simulations {
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//! let result = simulate(&random_door, &mut rng);
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//!
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//! match (result.win, result.switch) {
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//! (true, true) => switch_wins += 1,
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//! (true, false) => keep_wins += 1,
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//! (false, true) => switch_losses += 1,
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//! (false, false) => keep_losses += 1,
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//! }
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//! }
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//!
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//! let total_switches = switch_wins + switch_losses;
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//! let total_keeps = keep_wins + keep_losses;
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//!
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//! println!("Switched door {} times with {} wins and {} losses",
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//! total_switches, switch_wins, switch_losses);
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//!
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//! println!("Kept our choice {} times with {} wins and {} losses",
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//! total_keeps, keep_wins, keep_losses);
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//!
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//! // With a large number of simulations, the values should converge to
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//! // 0.667 and 0.333 respectively.
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//! println!("Estimated chance to win if we switch: {}",
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//! switch_wins as f32 / total_switches as f32);
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//! println!("Estimated chance to win if we don't: {}",
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//! keep_wins as f32 / total_keeps as f32);
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//! }
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//! ```
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#![doc(html_logo_url = "https://www.rust-lang.org/logos/rust-logo-128x128-blk.png",
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html_favicon_url = "https://www.rust-lang.org/favicon.ico",
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html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/rand/0.4")]
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#![deny(missing_debug_implementations)]
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#![cfg_attr(not(feature="std"), no_std)]
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#![cfg_attr(all(feature="alloc", not(feature="std")), feature(alloc))]
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#![cfg_attr(feature = "i128_support", feature(i128_type, i128))]
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#[cfg(feature="std")] extern crate std as core;
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#[cfg(all(feature = "alloc", not(feature="std")))] extern crate alloc;
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#[cfg(target_env = "sgx")]
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extern crate rdrand;
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#[cfg(target_env = "sgx")]
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extern crate rand_core;
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use core::marker;
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use core::mem;
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#[cfg(feature="std")] use std::cell::RefCell;
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#[cfg(feature="std")] use std::io;
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#[cfg(feature="std")] use std::rc::Rc;
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// external rngs
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pub use jitter::JitterRng;
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#[cfg(feature="std")] pub use os::OsRng;
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// pseudo rngs
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pub use isaac::{IsaacRng, Isaac64Rng};
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pub use chacha::ChaChaRng;
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pub use prng::XorShiftRng;
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// local use declarations
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#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
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use prng::IsaacRng as IsaacWordRng;
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#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
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use prng::Isaac64Rng as IsaacWordRng;
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use distributions::{Range, IndependentSample};
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use distributions::range::SampleRange;
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// public modules
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pub mod distributions;
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pub mod jitter;
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#[cfg(feature="std")] pub mod os;
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#[cfg(feature="std")] pub mod read;
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pub mod reseeding;
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#[cfg(any(feature="std", feature = "alloc"))] pub mod seq;
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// These tiny modules are here to avoid API breakage, probably only temporarily
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pub mod chacha {
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//! The ChaCha random number generator.
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pub use prng::ChaChaRng;
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}
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pub mod isaac {
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//! The ISAAC random number generator.
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pub use prng::{IsaacRng, Isaac64Rng};
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}
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// private modules
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mod rand_impls;
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mod prng;
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/// A type that can be randomly generated using an `Rng`.
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///
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/// ## Built-in Implementations
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///
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/// This crate implements `Rand` for various primitive types. Assuming the
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/// provided `Rng` is well-behaved, these implementations generate values with
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/// the following ranges and distributions:
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///
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/// * Integers (`i32`, `u32`, `isize`, `usize`, etc.): Uniformly distributed
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/// over all values of the type.
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/// * `char`: Uniformly distributed over all Unicode scalar values, i.e. all
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/// code points in the range `0...0x10_FFFF`, except for the range
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/// `0xD800...0xDFFF` (the surrogate code points). This includes
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/// unassigned/reserved code points.
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/// * `bool`: Generates `false` or `true`, each with probability 0.5.
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/// * Floating point types (`f32` and `f64`): Uniformly distributed in the
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/// half-open range `[0, 1)`. (The [`Open01`], [`Closed01`], [`Exp1`], and
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/// [`StandardNormal`] wrapper types produce floating point numbers with
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/// alternative ranges or distributions.)
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///
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/// [`Open01`]: struct.Open01.html
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/// [`Closed01`]: struct.Closed01.html
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/// [`Exp1`]: distributions/exponential/struct.Exp1.html
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/// [`StandardNormal`]: distributions/normal/struct.StandardNormal.html
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///
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/// The following aggregate types also implement `Rand` as long as their
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/// component types implement it:
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///
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/// * Tuples and arrays: Each element of the tuple or array is generated
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/// independently, using its own `Rand` implementation.
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/// * `Option<T>`: Returns `None` with probability 0.5; otherwise generates a
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/// random `T` and returns `Some(T)`.
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pub trait Rand : Sized {
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/// Generates a random instance of this type using the specified source of
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/// randomness.
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fn rand<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self;
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}
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/// A random number generator.
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pub trait Rng {
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/// Return the next random u32.
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///
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/// This rarely needs to be called directly, prefer `r.gen()` to
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/// `r.next_u32()`.
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// FIXME #rust-lang/rfcs#628: Should be implemented in terms of next_u64
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fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32;
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/// Return the next random u64.
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///
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/// By default this is implemented in terms of `next_u32`. An
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/// implementation of this trait must provide at least one of
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/// these two methods. Similarly to `next_u32`, this rarely needs
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/// to be called directly, prefer `r.gen()` to `r.next_u64()`.
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fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64 {
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((self.next_u32() as u64) << 32) | (self.next_u32() as u64)
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}
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/// Return the next random f32 selected from the half-open
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/// interval `[0, 1)`.
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///
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/// This uses a technique described by Saito and Matsumoto at
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/// MCQMC'08. Given that the IEEE floating point numbers are
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/// uniformly distributed over [1,2), we generate a number in
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/// this range and then offset it onto the range [0,1). Our
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||
/// choice of bits (masking v. shifting) is arbitrary and
|
||
/// should be immaterial for high quality generators. For low
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||
/// quality generators (ex. LCG), prefer bitshifting due to
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/// correlation between sequential low order bits.
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///
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/// See:
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/// A PRNG specialized in double precision floating point numbers using
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/// an affine transition
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///
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/// * <http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/ARTICLES/dSFMT.pdf>
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/// * <http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/SFMT/dSFMT-slide-e.pdf>
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///
|
||
/// By default this is implemented in terms of `next_u32`, but a
|
||
/// random number generator which can generate numbers satisfying
|
||
/// the requirements directly can overload this for performance.
|
||
/// It is required that the return value lies in `[0, 1)`.
|
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///
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||
/// See `Closed01` for the closed interval `[0,1]`, and
|
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/// `Open01` for the open interval `(0,1)`.
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||
fn next_f32(&mut self) -> f32 {
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const UPPER_MASK: u32 = 0x3F800000;
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const LOWER_MASK: u32 = 0x7FFFFF;
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let tmp = UPPER_MASK | (self.next_u32() & LOWER_MASK);
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let result: f32 = unsafe { mem::transmute(tmp) };
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result - 1.0
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}
|
||
|
||
/// Return the next random f64 selected from the half-open
|
||
/// interval `[0, 1)`.
|
||
///
|
||
/// By default this is implemented in terms of `next_u64`, but a
|
||
/// random number generator which can generate numbers satisfying
|
||
/// the requirements directly can overload this for performance.
|
||
/// It is required that the return value lies in `[0, 1)`.
|
||
///
|
||
/// See `Closed01` for the closed interval `[0,1]`, and
|
||
/// `Open01` for the open interval `(0,1)`.
|
||
fn next_f64(&mut self) -> f64 {
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const UPPER_MASK: u64 = 0x3FF0000000000000;
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const LOWER_MASK: u64 = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
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let tmp = UPPER_MASK | (self.next_u64() & LOWER_MASK);
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||
let result: f64 = unsafe { mem::transmute(tmp) };
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result - 1.0
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}
|
||
|
||
/// Fill `dest` with random data.
|
||
///
|
||
/// This has a default implementation in terms of `next_u64` and
|
||
/// `next_u32`, but should be overridden by implementations that
|
||
/// offer a more efficient solution than just calling those
|
||
/// methods repeatedly.
|
||
///
|
||
/// This method does *not* have a requirement to bear any fixed
|
||
/// relationship to the other methods, for example, it does *not*
|
||
/// have to result in the same output as progressively filling
|
||
/// `dest` with `self.gen::<u8>()`, and any such behaviour should
|
||
/// not be relied upon.
|
||
///
|
||
/// This method should guarantee that `dest` is entirely filled
|
||
/// with new data, and may panic if this is impossible
|
||
/// (e.g. reading past the end of a file that is being used as the
|
||
/// source of randomness).
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```rust
|
||
/// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let mut v = [0u8; 13579];
|
||
/// thread_rng().fill_bytes(&mut v);
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||
/// println!("{:?}", &v[..]);
|
||
/// ```
|
||
fn fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) {
|
||
// this could, in theory, be done by transmuting dest to a
|
||
// [u64], but this is (1) likely to be undefined behaviour for
|
||
// LLVM, (2) has to be very careful about alignment concerns,
|
||
// (3) adds more `unsafe` that needs to be checked, (4)
|
||
// probably doesn't give much performance gain if
|
||
// optimisations are on.
|
||
let mut count = 0;
|
||
let mut num = 0;
|
||
for byte in dest.iter_mut() {
|
||
if count == 0 {
|
||
// we could micro-optimise here by generating a u32 if
|
||
// we only need a few more bytes to fill the vector
|
||
// (i.e. at most 4).
|
||
num = self.next_u64();
|
||
count = 8;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
*byte = (num & 0xff) as u8;
|
||
num >>= 8;
|
||
count -= 1;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Return a random value of a `Rand` type.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```rust
|
||
/// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let mut rng = thread_rng();
|
||
/// let x: u32 = rng.gen();
|
||
/// println!("{}", x);
|
||
/// println!("{:?}", rng.gen::<(f64, bool)>());
|
||
/// ```
|
||
#[inline(always)]
|
||
fn gen<T: Rand>(&mut self) -> T where Self: Sized {
|
||
Rand::rand(self)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Return an iterator that will yield an infinite number of randomly
|
||
/// generated items.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```
|
||
/// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let mut rng = thread_rng();
|
||
/// let x = rng.gen_iter::<u32>().take(10).collect::<Vec<u32>>();
|
||
/// println!("{:?}", x);
|
||
/// println!("{:?}", rng.gen_iter::<(f64, bool)>().take(5)
|
||
/// .collect::<Vec<(f64, bool)>>());
|
||
/// ```
|
||
fn gen_iter<'a, T: Rand>(&'a mut self) -> Generator<'a, T, Self> where Self: Sized {
|
||
Generator { rng: self, _marker: marker::PhantomData }
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Generate a random value in the range [`low`, `high`).
|
||
///
|
||
/// This is a convenience wrapper around
|
||
/// `distributions::Range`. If this function will be called
|
||
/// repeatedly with the same arguments, one should use `Range`, as
|
||
/// that will amortize the computations that allow for perfect
|
||
/// uniformity, as they only happen on initialization.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Panics
|
||
///
|
||
/// Panics if `low >= high`.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```rust
|
||
/// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let mut rng = thread_rng();
|
||
/// let n: u32 = rng.gen_range(0, 10);
|
||
/// println!("{}", n);
|
||
/// let m: f64 = rng.gen_range(-40.0f64, 1.3e5f64);
|
||
/// println!("{}", m);
|
||
/// ```
|
||
fn gen_range<T: PartialOrd + SampleRange>(&mut self, low: T, high: T) -> T where Self: Sized {
|
||
assert!(low < high, "Rng.gen_range called with low >= high");
|
||
Range::new(low, high).ind_sample(self)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Return a bool with a 1 in n chance of true
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```rust
|
||
/// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let mut rng = thread_rng();
|
||
/// println!("{}", rng.gen_weighted_bool(3));
|
||
/// ```
|
||
fn gen_weighted_bool(&mut self, n: u32) -> bool where Self: Sized {
|
||
n <= 1 || self.gen_range(0, n) == 0
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Return an iterator of random characters from the set A-Z,a-z,0-9.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```rust
|
||
/// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let s: String = thread_rng().gen_ascii_chars().take(10).collect();
|
||
/// println!("{}", s);
|
||
/// ```
|
||
fn gen_ascii_chars<'a>(&'a mut self) -> AsciiGenerator<'a, Self> where Self: Sized {
|
||
AsciiGenerator { rng: self }
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Return a random element from `values`.
|
||
///
|
||
/// Return `None` if `values` is empty.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```
|
||
/// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let choices = [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32];
|
||
/// let mut rng = thread_rng();
|
||
/// println!("{:?}", rng.choose(&choices));
|
||
/// assert_eq!(rng.choose(&choices[..0]), None);
|
||
/// ```
|
||
fn choose<'a, T>(&mut self, values: &'a [T]) -> Option<&'a T> where Self: Sized {
|
||
if values.is_empty() {
|
||
None
|
||
} else {
|
||
Some(&values[self.gen_range(0, values.len())])
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Return a mutable pointer to a random element from `values`.
|
||
///
|
||
/// Return `None` if `values` is empty.
|
||
fn choose_mut<'a, T>(&mut self, values: &'a mut [T]) -> Option<&'a mut T> where Self: Sized {
|
||
if values.is_empty() {
|
||
None
|
||
} else {
|
||
let len = values.len();
|
||
Some(&mut values[self.gen_range(0, len)])
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Shuffle a mutable slice in place.
|
||
///
|
||
/// This applies Durstenfeld's algorithm for the [Fisher–Yates shuffle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle#The_modern_algorithm)
|
||
/// which produces an unbiased permutation.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```rust
|
||
/// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let mut rng = thread_rng();
|
||
/// let mut y = [1, 2, 3];
|
||
/// rng.shuffle(&mut y);
|
||
/// println!("{:?}", y);
|
||
/// rng.shuffle(&mut y);
|
||
/// println!("{:?}", y);
|
||
/// ```
|
||
fn shuffle<T>(&mut self, values: &mut [T]) where Self: Sized {
|
||
let mut i = values.len();
|
||
while i >= 2 {
|
||
// invariant: elements with index >= i have been locked in place.
|
||
i -= 1;
|
||
// lock element i in place.
|
||
values.swap(i, self.gen_range(0, i + 1));
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
impl<'a, R: ?Sized> Rng for &'a mut R where R: Rng {
|
||
fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32 {
|
||
(**self).next_u32()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64 {
|
||
(**self).next_u64()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn next_f32(&mut self) -> f32 {
|
||
(**self).next_f32()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn next_f64(&mut self) -> f64 {
|
||
(**self).next_f64()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) {
|
||
(**self).fill_bytes(dest)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
impl<R: ?Sized> Rng for Box<R> where R: Rng {
|
||
fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32 {
|
||
(**self).next_u32()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64 {
|
||
(**self).next_u64()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn next_f32(&mut self) -> f32 {
|
||
(**self).next_f32()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn next_f64(&mut self) -> f64 {
|
||
(**self).next_f64()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) {
|
||
(**self).fill_bytes(dest)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Iterator which will generate a stream of random items.
|
||
///
|
||
/// This iterator is created via the [`gen_iter`] method on [`Rng`].
|
||
///
|
||
/// [`gen_iter`]: trait.Rng.html#method.gen_iter
|
||
/// [`Rng`]: trait.Rng.html
|
||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
pub struct Generator<'a, T, R:'a> {
|
||
rng: &'a mut R,
|
||
_marker: marker::PhantomData<fn() -> T>,
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
impl<'a, T: Rand, R: Rng> Iterator for Generator<'a, T, R> {
|
||
type Item = T;
|
||
|
||
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
|
||
Some(self.rng.gen())
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Iterator which will continuously generate random ascii characters.
|
||
///
|
||
/// This iterator is created via the [`gen_ascii_chars`] method on [`Rng`].
|
||
///
|
||
/// [`gen_ascii_chars`]: trait.Rng.html#method.gen_ascii_chars
|
||
/// [`Rng`]: trait.Rng.html
|
||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
pub struct AsciiGenerator<'a, R:'a> {
|
||
rng: &'a mut R,
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
impl<'a, R: Rng> Iterator for AsciiGenerator<'a, R> {
|
||
type Item = char;
|
||
|
||
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<char> {
|
||
const GEN_ASCII_STR_CHARSET: &'static [u8] =
|
||
b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ\
|
||
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\
|
||
0123456789";
|
||
Some(*self.rng.choose(GEN_ASCII_STR_CHARSET).unwrap() as char)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// A random number generator that can be explicitly seeded to produce
|
||
/// the same stream of randomness multiple times.
|
||
pub trait SeedableRng<Seed>: Rng {
|
||
/// Reseed an RNG with the given seed.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```rust
|
||
/// use rand::{Rng, SeedableRng, StdRng};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let seed: &[_] = &[1, 2, 3, 4];
|
||
/// let mut rng: StdRng = SeedableRng::from_seed(seed);
|
||
/// println!("{}", rng.gen::<f64>());
|
||
/// rng.reseed(&[5, 6, 7, 8]);
|
||
/// println!("{}", rng.gen::<f64>());
|
||
/// ```
|
||
fn reseed(&mut self, Seed);
|
||
|
||
/// Create a new RNG with the given seed.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```rust
|
||
/// use rand::{Rng, SeedableRng, StdRng};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let seed: &[_] = &[1, 2, 3, 4];
|
||
/// let mut rng: StdRng = SeedableRng::from_seed(seed);
|
||
/// println!("{}", rng.gen::<f64>());
|
||
/// ```
|
||
fn from_seed(seed: Seed) -> Self;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// A wrapper for generating floating point numbers uniformly in the
|
||
/// open interval `(0,1)` (not including either endpoint).
|
||
///
|
||
/// Use `Closed01` for the closed interval `[0,1]`, and the default
|
||
/// `Rand` implementation for `f32` and `f64` for the half-open
|
||
/// `[0,1)`.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
/// ```rust
|
||
/// use rand::{random, Open01};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let Open01(val) = random::<Open01<f32>>();
|
||
/// println!("f32 from (0,1): {}", val);
|
||
/// ```
|
||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
pub struct Open01<F>(pub F);
|
||
|
||
/// A wrapper for generating floating point numbers uniformly in the
|
||
/// closed interval `[0,1]` (including both endpoints).
|
||
///
|
||
/// Use `Open01` for the closed interval `(0,1)`, and the default
|
||
/// `Rand` implementation of `f32` and `f64` for the half-open
|
||
/// `[0,1)`.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```rust
|
||
/// use rand::{random, Closed01};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let Closed01(val) = random::<Closed01<f32>>();
|
||
/// println!("f32 from [0,1]: {}", val);
|
||
/// ```
|
||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
pub struct Closed01<F>(pub F);
|
||
|
||
/// The standard RNG. This is designed to be efficient on the current
|
||
/// platform.
|
||
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
|
||
pub struct StdRng {
|
||
rng: IsaacWordRng,
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
impl StdRng {
|
||
/// Create a randomly seeded instance of `StdRng`.
|
||
///
|
||
/// This is a very expensive operation as it has to read
|
||
/// randomness from the operating system and use this in an
|
||
/// expensive seeding operation. If one is only generating a small
|
||
/// number of random numbers, or doesn't need the utmost speed for
|
||
/// generating each number, `thread_rng` and/or `random` may be more
|
||
/// appropriate.
|
||
///
|
||
/// Reading the randomness from the OS may fail, and any error is
|
||
/// propagated via the `io::Result` return value.
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
pub fn new() -> io::Result<StdRng> {
|
||
match OsRng::new() {
|
||
Ok(mut r) => Ok(StdRng { rng: r.gen() }),
|
||
Err(e1) => {
|
||
match JitterRng::new() {
|
||
Ok(mut r) => Ok(StdRng { rng: r.gen() }),
|
||
Err(_) => {
|
||
Err(e1)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
impl Rng for StdRng {
|
||
#[inline]
|
||
fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32 {
|
||
self.rng.next_u32()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[inline]
|
||
fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64 {
|
||
self.rng.next_u64()
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
impl<'a> SeedableRng<&'a [usize]> for StdRng {
|
||
fn reseed(&mut self, seed: &'a [usize]) {
|
||
// the internal RNG can just be seeded from the above
|
||
// randomness.
|
||
self.rng.reseed(unsafe {mem::transmute(seed)})
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn from_seed(seed: &'a [usize]) -> StdRng {
|
||
StdRng { rng: SeedableRng::from_seed(unsafe {mem::transmute(seed)}) }
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Create a weak random number generator with a default algorithm and seed.
|
||
///
|
||
/// It returns the fastest `Rng` algorithm currently available in Rust without
|
||
/// consideration for cryptography or security. If you require a specifically
|
||
/// seeded `Rng` for consistency over time you should pick one algorithm and
|
||
/// create the `Rng` yourself.
|
||
///
|
||
/// This will seed the generator with randomness from thread_rng.
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
pub fn weak_rng() -> XorShiftRng {
|
||
thread_rng().gen()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Controls how the thread-local RNG is reseeded.
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
struct ThreadRngReseeder;
|
||
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
impl reseeding::Reseeder<StdRng> for ThreadRngReseeder {
|
||
fn reseed(&mut self, rng: &mut StdRng) {
|
||
match StdRng::new() {
|
||
Ok(r) => *rng = r,
|
||
Err(e) => panic!("No entropy available: {}", e),
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
const THREAD_RNG_RESEED_THRESHOLD: u64 = 32_768;
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
type ThreadRngInner = reseeding::ReseedingRng<StdRng, ThreadRngReseeder>;
|
||
|
||
/// The thread-local RNG.
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
|
||
pub struct ThreadRng {
|
||
rng: Rc<RefCell<ThreadRngInner>>,
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Retrieve the lazily-initialized thread-local random number
|
||
/// generator, seeded by the system. Intended to be used in method
|
||
/// chaining style, e.g. `thread_rng().gen::<i32>()`.
|
||
///
|
||
/// After generating a certain amount of randomness, the RNG will reseed itself
|
||
/// from the operating system or, if the operating system RNG returns an error,
|
||
/// a seed based on the current system time.
|
||
///
|
||
/// The internal RNG used is platform and architecture dependent, even
|
||
/// if the operating system random number generator is rigged to give
|
||
/// the same sequence always. If absolute consistency is required,
|
||
/// explicitly select an RNG, e.g. `IsaacRng` or `Isaac64Rng`.
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
pub fn thread_rng() -> ThreadRng {
|
||
// used to make space in TLS for a random number generator
|
||
thread_local!(static THREAD_RNG_KEY: Rc<RefCell<ThreadRngInner>> = {
|
||
let r = match StdRng::new() {
|
||
Ok(r) => r,
|
||
Err(e) => panic!("No entropy available: {}", e),
|
||
};
|
||
let rng = reseeding::ReseedingRng::new(r,
|
||
THREAD_RNG_RESEED_THRESHOLD,
|
||
ThreadRngReseeder);
|
||
Rc::new(RefCell::new(rng))
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
ThreadRng { rng: THREAD_RNG_KEY.with(|t| t.clone()) }
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
impl Rng for ThreadRng {
|
||
fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32 {
|
||
self.rng.borrow_mut().next_u32()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64 {
|
||
self.rng.borrow_mut().next_u64()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[inline]
|
||
fn fill_bytes(&mut self, bytes: &mut [u8]) {
|
||
self.rng.borrow_mut().fill_bytes(bytes)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// Generates a random value using the thread-local random number generator.
|
||
///
|
||
/// `random()` can generate various types of random things, and so may require
|
||
/// type hinting to generate the specific type you want.
|
||
///
|
||
/// This function uses the thread local random number generator. This means
|
||
/// that if you're calling `random()` in a loop, caching the generator can
|
||
/// increase performance. An example is shown below.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Examples
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```
|
||
/// let x = rand::random::<u8>();
|
||
/// println!("{}", x);
|
||
///
|
||
/// let y = rand::random::<f64>();
|
||
/// println!("{}", y);
|
||
///
|
||
/// if rand::random() { // generates a boolean
|
||
/// println!("Better lucky than good!");
|
||
/// }
|
||
/// ```
|
||
///
|
||
/// Caching the thread local random number generator:
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```
|
||
/// use rand::Rng;
|
||
///
|
||
/// let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
|
||
///
|
||
/// for x in v.iter_mut() {
|
||
/// *x = rand::random()
|
||
/// }
|
||
///
|
||
/// // can be made faster by caching thread_rng
|
||
///
|
||
/// let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
|
||
///
|
||
/// for x in v.iter_mut() {
|
||
/// *x = rng.gen();
|
||
/// }
|
||
/// ```
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
#[inline]
|
||
pub fn random<T: Rand>() -> T {
|
||
thread_rng().gen()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// DEPRECATED: use `seq::sample_iter` instead.
|
||
///
|
||
/// Randomly sample up to `amount` elements from a finite iterator.
|
||
/// The order of elements in the sample is not random.
|
||
///
|
||
/// # Example
|
||
///
|
||
/// ```rust
|
||
/// use rand::{thread_rng, sample};
|
||
///
|
||
/// let mut rng = thread_rng();
|
||
/// let sample = sample(&mut rng, 1..100, 5);
|
||
/// println!("{:?}", sample);
|
||
/// ```
|
||
#[cfg(feature="std")]
|
||
#[inline(always)]
|
||
#[deprecated(since="0.4.0", note="renamed to seq::sample_iter")]
|
||
pub fn sample<T, I, R>(rng: &mut R, iterable: I, amount: usize) -> Vec<T>
|
||
where I: IntoIterator<Item=T>,
|
||
R: Rng,
|
||
{
|
||
// the legacy sample didn't care whether amount was met
|
||
seq::sample_iter(rng, iterable, amount)
|
||
.unwrap_or_else(|e| e)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[cfg(test)]
|
||
mod test {
|
||
use super::{Rng, thread_rng, random, SeedableRng, StdRng, weak_rng};
|
||
use std::iter::repeat;
|
||
|
||
pub struct MyRng<R> { inner: R }
|
||
|
||
impl<R: Rng> Rng for MyRng<R> {
|
||
fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32 {
|
||
fn next<T: Rng>(t: &mut T) -> u32 {
|
||
t.next_u32()
|
||
}
|
||
next(&mut self.inner)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
pub fn rng() -> MyRng<::ThreadRng> {
|
||
MyRng { inner: ::thread_rng() }
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
struct ConstRng { i: u64 }
|
||
impl Rng for ConstRng {
|
||
fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32 { self.i as u32 }
|
||
fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64 { self.i }
|
||
|
||
// no fill_bytes on purpose
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
pub fn iter_eq<I, J>(i: I, j: J) -> bool
|
||
where I: IntoIterator,
|
||
J: IntoIterator<Item=I::Item>,
|
||
I::Item: Eq
|
||
{
|
||
// make sure the iterators have equal length
|
||
let mut i = i.into_iter();
|
||
let mut j = j.into_iter();
|
||
loop {
|
||
match (i.next(), j.next()) {
|
||
(Some(ref ei), Some(ref ej)) if ei == ej => { }
|
||
(None, None) => return true,
|
||
_ => return false,
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_fill_bytes_default() {
|
||
let mut r = ConstRng { i: 0x11_22_33_44_55_66_77_88 };
|
||
|
||
// check every remainder mod 8, both in small and big vectors.
|
||
let lengths = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
|
||
80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87];
|
||
for &n in lengths.iter() {
|
||
let mut v = repeat(0u8).take(n).collect::<Vec<_>>();
|
||
r.fill_bytes(&mut v);
|
||
|
||
// use this to get nicer error messages.
|
||
for (i, &byte) in v.iter().enumerate() {
|
||
if byte == 0 {
|
||
panic!("byte {} of {} is zero", i, n)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_gen_range() {
|
||
let mut r = thread_rng();
|
||
for _ in 0..1000 {
|
||
let a = r.gen_range(-3, 42);
|
||
assert!(a >= -3 && a < 42);
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_range(0, 1), 0);
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_range(-12, -11), -12);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
for _ in 0..1000 {
|
||
let a = r.gen_range(10, 42);
|
||
assert!(a >= 10 && a < 42);
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_range(0, 1), 0);
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_range(3_000_000, 3_000_001), 3_000_000);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
#[should_panic]
|
||
fn test_gen_range_panic_int() {
|
||
let mut r = thread_rng();
|
||
r.gen_range(5, -2);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
#[should_panic]
|
||
fn test_gen_range_panic_usize() {
|
||
let mut r = thread_rng();
|
||
r.gen_range(5, 2);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_gen_weighted_bool() {
|
||
let mut r = thread_rng();
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_weighted_bool(0), true);
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_weighted_bool(1), true);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_gen_ascii_str() {
|
||
let mut r = thread_rng();
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_ascii_chars().take(0).count(), 0);
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_ascii_chars().take(10).count(), 10);
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_ascii_chars().take(16).count(), 16);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_gen_vec() {
|
||
let mut r = thread_rng();
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_iter::<u8>().take(0).count(), 0);
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_iter::<u8>().take(10).count(), 10);
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_iter::<f64>().take(16).count(), 16);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_choose() {
|
||
let mut r = thread_rng();
|
||
assert_eq!(r.choose(&[1, 1, 1]).map(|&x|x), Some(1));
|
||
|
||
let v: &[isize] = &[];
|
||
assert_eq!(r.choose(v), None);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_shuffle() {
|
||
let mut r = thread_rng();
|
||
let empty: &mut [isize] = &mut [];
|
||
r.shuffle(empty);
|
||
let mut one = [1];
|
||
r.shuffle(&mut one);
|
||
let b: &[_] = &[1];
|
||
assert_eq!(one, b);
|
||
|
||
let mut two = [1, 2];
|
||
r.shuffle(&mut two);
|
||
assert!(two == [1, 2] || two == [2, 1]);
|
||
|
||
let mut x = [1, 1, 1];
|
||
r.shuffle(&mut x);
|
||
let b: &[_] = &[1, 1, 1];
|
||
assert_eq!(x, b);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_thread_rng() {
|
||
let mut r = thread_rng();
|
||
r.gen::<i32>();
|
||
let mut v = [1, 1, 1];
|
||
r.shuffle(&mut v);
|
||
let b: &[_] = &[1, 1, 1];
|
||
assert_eq!(v, b);
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_range(0, 1), 0);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_rng_trait_object() {
|
||
let mut rng = thread_rng();
|
||
{
|
||
let mut r = &mut rng as &mut Rng;
|
||
r.next_u32();
|
||
(&mut r).gen::<i32>();
|
||
let mut v = [1, 1, 1];
|
||
(&mut r).shuffle(&mut v);
|
||
let b: &[_] = &[1, 1, 1];
|
||
assert_eq!(v, b);
|
||
assert_eq!((&mut r).gen_range(0, 1), 0);
|
||
}
|
||
{
|
||
let mut r = Box::new(rng) as Box<Rng>;
|
||
r.next_u32();
|
||
r.gen::<i32>();
|
||
let mut v = [1, 1, 1];
|
||
r.shuffle(&mut v);
|
||
let b: &[_] = &[1, 1, 1];
|
||
assert_eq!(v, b);
|
||
assert_eq!(r.gen_range(0, 1), 0);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_random() {
|
||
// not sure how to test this aside from just getting some values
|
||
let _n : usize = random();
|
||
let _f : f32 = random();
|
||
let _o : Option<Option<i8>> = random();
|
||
let _many : ((),
|
||
(usize,
|
||
isize,
|
||
Option<(u32, (bool,))>),
|
||
(u8, i8, u16, i16, u32, i32, u64, i64),
|
||
(f32, (f64, (f64,)))) = random();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_std_rng_seeded() {
|
||
let s = thread_rng().gen_iter::<usize>().take(256).collect::<Vec<usize>>();
|
||
let mut ra: StdRng = SeedableRng::from_seed(&s[..]);
|
||
let mut rb: StdRng = SeedableRng::from_seed(&s[..]);
|
||
assert!(iter_eq(ra.gen_ascii_chars().take(100),
|
||
rb.gen_ascii_chars().take(100)));
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_std_rng_reseed() {
|
||
let s = thread_rng().gen_iter::<usize>().take(256).collect::<Vec<usize>>();
|
||
let mut r: StdRng = SeedableRng::from_seed(&s[..]);
|
||
let string1 = r.gen_ascii_chars().take(100).collect::<String>();
|
||
|
||
r.reseed(&s);
|
||
|
||
let string2 = r.gen_ascii_chars().take(100).collect::<String>();
|
||
assert_eq!(string1, string2);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#[test]
|
||
fn test_weak_rng() {
|
||
let s = weak_rng().gen_iter::<usize>().take(256).collect::<Vec<usize>>();
|
||
let mut ra: StdRng = SeedableRng::from_seed(&s[..]);
|
||
let mut rb: StdRng = SeedableRng::from_seed(&s[..]);
|
||
assert!(iter_eq(ra.gen_ascii_chars().take(100),
|
||
rb.gen_ascii_chars().take(100)));
|
||
}
|
||
}
|